实验六 接口的定义与使用
实验时间 2018-10-18
理论知识:
接口体中包含常量定义和方法定义,接口中只进行方法的声明,不提供方法的实现。
类似建立类的继承关系,接口也可以扩展。接口的扩展技术使得从具有较高通用性的接口存在多条链延伸到具有较高专用性的接口。
通常接口的名字以able或ible结尾;可以使用extends来继承接口的常量和抽象方法,扩展形成新的接口;接口中的所有常量必须是public static final,方法必须是public abstract,这是系统默认的,不管你在定义接口时,写不写修饰符都是一样的。
一个类使用了某个接口,那么这个类必须实现该接口的所有方法,即为这些方法提供方法体。一个类可以实现多个接口,接口间应该用逗号分隔开。例:class Employee implements Cloneable,Comparable
若实现接口的类不是抽象类,则必须实现所有接口的所有方法,即为所有的抽象方法定义方 法体。一个类在实现某接口抽象方法时,必须使用完全相同的方法名、参数列表和返回值类型。接口抽象方法的访问控制符已指定为public, 所以类在实现时,必须显式地使用public修饰符,否则被警告缩小了接口中定义的方法的访问控制范围。
接口不能构造接口对象,但可以声明接口变量以指向一个实现了该接口的类对象。可以用instanceof检查对象是否实现了某个接口
对象克隆
Object类的Clone方法
Object类的clone()方法是一个native方法。
Object类中的 clone()方法被protected修饰符修饰。 这意味着在用户编写的代码中不能直接调用它。如果要直接应用clone()方法,就需 覆盖clone()方法,并要把clone()方法的属性设置为 public。
Object.clone()方法返回一个Object对象。必须进行强 制类型转换才能得到需要的类型。
Lambda 表达式的语法基本结构 (arguments) -> body
1、实验目的与要求
(1) 掌握接口定义方法;
(2) 掌握实现接口类的定义要求;
(3) 掌握实现了接口类的使用要求;
(4) 掌握程序回调设计模式;
(5) 掌握Comparator接口用法;
(6) 掌握对象浅层拷贝与深层拷贝方法;
(7) 掌握Lambda表达式语法;
(8) 了解内部类的用途及语法要求。
2、实验内容和步骤
实验1: 导入第6章示例程序,测试程序并进行代码注释。
测试程序1:
l 编辑、编译、调试运行阅读教材214页-215页程序6-1、6-2,理解程序并分析程序运行结果;
l 在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
l 掌握接口的实现用法;
l 掌握内置接口Compareable的用法
package interfaces;import java.util.*;/** * This program demonstrates the use of the Comparable interface. * @version 1.30 2004-02-27 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class EmployeeSortTest { public static void main(String[] args) { Employee[] staff = new Employee[3]; staff[0] = new Employee("Harry Hacker", 35000); staff[1] = new Employee("Carl Cracker", 75000); staff[2] = new Employee("Tony Tester", 38000); Arrays.sort(staff); //输出所有关于Employee对象的信息 for (Employee e : staff) System.out.println("name=" + e.getName() + ",salary=" + e.getSalary()); } } 第二
package interfaces;public class Employee implements Comparable//创建一个泛型Comparable接口,提供一个类型参数,比较Employee类的对象并进行排序 { private String name; private double salary; public Employee(String name, double salary) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; } public String getName() { return name; } public double getSalary() { return salary; } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } /** * Compares employees by salary * @param other another Employee object * @return a negative value if this employee has a lower salary than * otherObject, 0 if the salaries are the same, a positive value otherwise */ public int compareTo(Employee other) { return Double.compare(salary, other.salary);//运用double调用compare来进行比较 //salary的大小两两互相比较,升序排出salary的大小 } } 结果:
测试程序2:
l 编辑、编译、调试以下程序,结合程序运行结果理解程序
interface A
{
double g=9.8;
void show( );
}
class C implements A
//对C使用A接口的方法
{
public void show( )
{
System.out.println("g="+g);
}
}
class InterfaceTest
{
public static void main(String[ ] args)
{
A a=new C( );
a.show( );
System.out.println("g="+C.g);
}
结果;
测试程序3:
l 在elipse IDE中调试运行教材223页6-3,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 26行、36行代码参阅224页,详细内容涉及教材12章。
l 在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
l 掌握回调程序设计模式
package timer;/** @version 1.01 2015-05-12 @author Cay Horstmann */ import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.Timer; // to resolve conflict with java.util.Timer public class TimerTest { public static void main(String[] args) { ActionListener listener = new TimePrinter();// ActionListener listener被new TimePrinter接口引用
// 构造一个timer对象存放在变量里,叫做listener // 每次间隔10秒 Timer t = new Timer(10000, listener); t.start();//用T调用start对象 JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?"); System.exit(0); } } class TimePrinter implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + new Date()); Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep(); //每隔10秒响一次 } } 结果:
测试程序4:
l 调试运行教材229页-231页程序6-4、6-5,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
l 掌握对象克隆实现技术;
l 掌握浅拷贝和深拷贝的差别。
package clone;/** * This program demonstrates cloning. * @version 1.10 2002-07-01 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class CloneTest { public static void main(String[] args) { try //放入try中,配合后面的语句捕获异常 { Employee original = new Employee("John Q. Public", 50000); original.setHireDay(2000, 1, 1); Employee copy = original.clone(); copy.raiseSalary(10); copy.setHireDay(2002, 12, 31); System.out.println("original=" + original); System.out.println("copy=" + copy); } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) //捕获异常 { e.printStackTrace(); } } }
package clone;import java.util.Date;import java.util.GregorianCalendar; public class Employee implements Cloneable { private String name; private double salary; private Date hireDay; public Employee(String name, double salary) { this.name = name; this.salary = salary; hireDay = new Date(); } public Employee clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException { // call Object.clone() Employee cloned = (Employee) super.clone(); // clone mutable fields cloned.hireDay = (Date) hireDay.clone(); return cloned; } /** * Set the hire day to a given date. * @param year the year of the hire day * @param month the month of the hire day * @param day the day of the hire day */ public void setHireDay(int year, int month, int day) { Date newHireDay = new GregorianCalendar(year, month - 1, day).getTime(); // Example of instance field mutation hireDay.setTime(newHireDay.getTime()); } public void raiseSalary(double byPercent) { double raise = salary * byPercent / 100; salary += raise; } public String toString() { return "Employee[name=" + name + ",salary=" + salary + ",hireDay=" + hireDay + "]"; } } 结果“
实验2: 导入第6章示例程序6-6,学习Lambda表达式用法。
l 调试运行教材233页-234页程序6-6,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 在程序中相关代码处添加新知识的注释。
l 将27-29行代码与教材223页程序对比,将27-29行代码与此对比,体会Lambda表达式的优点。
package lambda;import java.util.*;import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.Timer; /** * This program demonstrates the use of lambda expressions. * @version 1.0 2015-05-12 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class LambdaTest { public static void main(String[] args) { String[] planets = new String[] { "Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune" }; System.out.println(Arrays.toString(planets)); System.out.println("Sorted in dictionary order:"); Arrays.sort(planets); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(planets)); System.out.println("Sorted by length:"); Arrays.sort(planets, (first, second) -> first.length() - second.length()); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(planets)); Timer t = new Timer(1000, event -> System.out.println("The time is " + new Date())); t.start(); // keep program running until user selects "Ok" JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?"); System.exit(0); } } 结果:
实验3: 编程练习
l 编制一个程序,将身份证号.txt 中的信息读入到内存中;
l 按姓名字典序输出人员信息;
l 查询最大年龄的人员信息;
l 查询最小年龄人员信息;
l 输入你的年龄,查询身份证号.txt中年龄与你最近人的姓名、身份证号、年龄、性别和出生地;
查询人员中是否有你的同乡。
package ID;public class Person implements Comparable{private String name;private String ID;private int age;private String sex;private String birthplace;public String getname() {return name;}public void setname(String name) {this.name = name;}public String getID() {return ID;}public void setID(String ID) {this.ID= ID;}public int getage() { return age;}public void setage(int age) { this.age= age;}public String getsex() {return sex;}public void setsex(String sex) {this.sex= sex;}public String getbirthplace() {return birthplace;}public void setbirthplace(String birthplace) {this.birthplace= birthplace;}public int compareTo(Person o) { return this.name.compareTo(o.getname());}public String toString() { return name+"\t"+sex+"\t"+age+"\t"+ID+"\t"+birthplace+"\n";} }package ID;import java.io.BufferedReader;import java.io.File;import java.io.FileInputStream;import java.io.FileNotFoundException;import java.io.IOException;import java.io.InputStreamReader;import java.util.ArrayList;import java.util.Arrays;import java.util.Collections;import java.util.Scanner;public class Main{ private static ArrayList Personlist; public static void main(String[] args) { Personlist = new ArrayList<>(); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in); File file = new File("C:\\mydirectory\\身份证号.txt"); try { FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(file); BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(fis)); String temp = null; while ((temp = in.readLine()) != null) { Scanner linescanner = new Scanner(temp); linescanner.useDelimiter(" "); String name = linescanner.next(); String ID = linescanner.next(); String sex = linescanner.next(); String age = linescanner.next(); String place =linescanner.nextLine(); Person Person = new Person(); Person.setname(name); Person.setID(ID); Person.setsex(sex); int a = Integer.parseInt(age); Person.setage(a); Person.setbirthplace(place); Personlist.add(Person); } } catch (FileNotFoundException e) { System.out.println("查找不到信息"); e.printStackTrace(); } catch (IOException e) { System.out.println("信息读取有误"); e.printStackTrace(); } boolean isTrue = true; while (isTrue) { System.out.println("1:按姓名字典序输出人员信息"); System.out.println("2:查询最大年龄与最小年龄人员信息"); System.out.println("3:按省份找同乡"); System.out.println("4:输入你的年龄,查询年龄与你最近人的信息"); System.out.println("5:退出"); int nextInt = scanner.nextInt(); switch (nextInt) { case 1: Collections.sort(Personlist); System.out.println(Personlist.toString()); break; case 2: int max=0,min=100;int j,k1 = 0,k2=0; for(int i=1;i max) { max=j; k1=i; } if(j
实验4:内部类语法验证实验
实验程序1:
l 编辑、调试运行教材246页-247页程序6-7,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 了解内部类的基本用法。
package innerClass;import java.awt.*;import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.Timer; /** * This program demonstrates the use of inner classes. * @version 1.11 2015-05-12 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class InnerClassTest { public static void main(String[] args) { TalkingClock clock = new TalkingClock(1000, true); clock.start(); // keep program running until user selects "Ok" JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?"); System.exit(0); } } /** * A clock that prints the time in regular intervals. */ class TalkingClock { private int interval; private boolean beep; /** * Constructs a talking clock * @param interval the interval between messages (in milliseconds) * @param beep true if the clock should beep */ public TalkingClock(int interval, boolean beep) { this.interval = interval; this.beep = beep; } /** * Starts the clock. */ public void start() { ActionListener listener = new TimePrinter(); Timer t = new Timer(interval, listener); t.start(); } public class TimePrinter implements ActionListener { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + new Date()); if (beep) Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep(); } } } 结果:
实验程序2:
l 编辑、调试运行教材254页程序6-8,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 了解匿名内部类的用法。
package anonymousInnerClass;import java.awt.*;import java.awt.event.*; import java.util.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.swing.Timer; /** * This program demonstrates anonymous inner classes. * @version 1.11 2015-05-12 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class AnonymousInnerClassTest { public static void main(String[] args) { TalkingClock clock = new TalkingClock(); clock.start(1000, true); // keep program running until user selects "Ok" JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Quit program?"); System.exit(0); } } /** * A clock that prints the time in regular intervals. */ class TalkingClock { /** * Starts the clock. * @param interval the interval between messages (in milliseconds) * @param beep true if the clock should beep */ public void start(int interval, boolean beep) { ActionListener listener = new ActionListener() { public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) { System.out.println("At the tone, the time is " + new Date()); if (beep) Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep(); } }; Timer t = new Timer(interval, listener); t.start(); } } 结果:
实验程序3:
l 在elipse IDE中调试运行教材257页-258页程序6-9,结合程序运行结果理解程序;
l 了解静态内部类的用法。
package staticInnerClass;/** * This program demonstrates the use of static inner classes. * @version 1.02 2015-05-12 * @author Cay Horstmann */ public class StaticInnerClassTest { public static void main(String[] args) { double[] d = new double[20]; for (int i = 0; i < d.length; i++) d[i] = 100 * Math.random(); ArrayAlg.Pair p = ArrayAlg.minmax(d); System.out.println("min = " + p.getFirst()); System.out.println("max = " + p.getSecond()); } } class ArrayAlg { /** * A pair of floating-point numbers */ public static class Pair { private double first; private double second; /** * Constructs a pair from two floating-point numbers * @param f the first number * @param s the second number */ public Pair(double f, double s) { first = f; second = s; } /** * Returns the first number of the pair * @return the first number */ public double getFirst() { return first; } /** * Returns the second number of the pair * @return the second number */ public double getSecond() { return second; } } /** * Computes both the minimum and the maximum of an array * @param values an array of floating-point numbers * @return a pair whose first element is the minimum and whose second element * is the maximum */ public static Pair minmax(double[] values) { double min = Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY; double max = Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY; for (double v : values) { if (min > v) min = v; if (max < v) max = v; } return new Pair(min, max); } } 结果:
实验总结:通过这次学习了解了接口的定义和接口的种种知识,还有克隆和拷贝知识。